Water and Sanitation Local Cooperation's RSIP
Annotated content page RSIP(Note for the reader; this annotated content page has been developed to facilitate the development of the Resilience and Service Improvement Plan (RSIP) report
1 Summary of the plan
This section provides a brief summary of the main problems and actions that were identified to enhance the performance of the utility and improve its resilience. The summary presents the main problems and solutions that have been identified related to the financial, administrative and technical performance, whilst also looking at possible environmental and man-made threats (Table 1).This section visualizes a brief summery for the main problems and procedures that were identified to enhance the performance of the utilities and improve its resilience plan. The summery also demonstrates main problems and the optimal solutions that have been identified regarding Financial, administrative and technical performance. It also highlights the possible environmental and humanitarian threats.
Table 1 Summary of main problems, proposed actions and time frame
The main problems and proposed actions are briefly presented below under three* main subheadings:
Financial, administrative and consumer related risks
Risk and intervention 1: …….. (just the name or a brief explanation of the problem; followed by the proposed intervention in a little more detail than indicated in the table)
Risk and intervention 2: …..
Risk and intervention 3: ……
Technical risks
Risk and intervention 1: …….
Risk and intervention 2: ……..
Risk and intervention 3: …….
This summery will very much help sharing the planned activities with different actors.
| 1 | Water Tariff is not covering the cost of production | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Revenue decreased by almost 100% | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | High percentage of losses (technical and administrative) | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | Taiz Utility has stopped providing service in conflict areas that contain 70% of the participants due to the armed conflict in those areas and also the occurrence of 60% of the water sources in those areas | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 5 | High rate of water theft, meter theft and tampering | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 6 | The possibility of stopping government and organizational support, on which the institution depends entirely (diesel + salaries) | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 7 | High fuel prices and crises | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 8 | The displacement of qualified cadres to areas outside the governorate due to the lack of financial capabilities to disburse incentives and encouraging benefits to employees | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 9 | Lack of machinery, equipment and maintenance supplies | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 10 | Problems facing the employees of the institution (especially technicians) in carrying out their field and service jobs due to the armed conflict in the city’s neighbourhoods | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 11 | Subscriber management activities and the process of issuing monthly bills to subscribers have been suspended since 2016. | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 12 | Falling groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | intolerable risk |
| 13 | Contamination of the aquifer water with sewage water, which affects the quality of water quality | intolerable risk |
| 14 | Power supply problems in 92% of working pumps | intolerable risk |
| 15 | High rates of fluoride and salts in some wells | medium risk |
| 16 | Water loss and possible contamination in transmission pipelines due to leakage and illegal connection for irrigation and domestic use | intolerable risk |
| 17 | The process of sterilizing and chlorinating water and checking its quality was stopped due to the destruction of the chlorination units and the main water laboratory, and also because of the ban on the import of chemicals and chlorine compounds due to the blockade, and thus pumping water to subscribers without any treatment | intolerable risk |
| 18 | 6 tanks were completely destroyed, which affects the water supply to subscribers | medium risk |
| 19 | Insufficient quantities of water reach consumers due to leaks in the water network | intolerable risk |
| 20 | Water pollution due to the possibility of pollutants and sewage entering the distribution network system, especially in the dilapidated parts of the network as a result of the intermittent water supply | intolerable risk |
| 21 | The intermittent and the insufficient water supply makes the subscribers go to provide their needs from other sources (purchasing from private sellers or from charitable water distribution associations) | intolerable risk |
| 22 | Homes have water storage tanks that may not be adequately cleaned and pollution may enter the tanks | intolerable risk |
| 23 | Burial of flood soils for artificial feeding dams will reduce the efficiency of the aquifer's feeding | medium risk |
| 24 | Damage and deterioration of pumps and the lack of capabilities to confront it (maintenance and staff) | intolerable risk |
| 25 | Consumers buy water from private water sellers, but it is not of good quality | intolerable risk |
| 26 | The inability of most citizens to obtain sufficient quantities of water from private sector suppliers due to the high cost of supply | intolerable risk |
| 27 | Frequent sewage blockages | high risk |
| 28 | The main line carrying sewage water (800 mm diameter) and some subnet lines are worn out | intolerable risk |
| 29 | Farmers use sewage water before treating it to irrigate their farms, which causes the spread of diseases and pollutants | high risk |
| 30 | Power outages and lack of adequate availability of fuel to run the treatment plant | intolerable risk |
| 31 | Deterioration of some units of the wastewater treatment system | high risk |
2 Introduction
The resilience and service improvement plan (RSIP) for the water utility ……….. was developed in ….., by a small team of .. persons (Annex 1). It presents an overview of the water supply and sewerage system, its main components, and the main problems related to the performance of the organization and the risks that have been identified related to the water quality, quantity and continuity of the water supply waste water services. It outlines the envisaged actions that have been prioritised to be implemented to enhance performance and improve resilience to respond to natural and manmade disasters. It includes a time frame, an indication of responsible actors, and provides a brief description of the monitoring and review process that is envisaged. The plan also looks at the risks related to the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 virus.
Revise text: Whereas there is no indication of transmission of this virus through water supply, the pandemic may cause serious disruptions in system operations This may include shortage of staff, power disruptions, and shortages of chemicals and other supplies, caused for example by Government directives. Protecting the health and safety of employees needs to be emphasized in the risk mitigation plan to ensure that essential functions can be maintained..
The RSIP was approved by …. on …. (date), and will be reviewed on …. (date)
Table 2. Basic information about the utility and its customers
This section provides basic information of the water utility and its customers (Table 2)
| Name of the utility | Taiz Water and Sanitation Local Corporation |
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| City/Governorate | Taiz Governorate |
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| City Population | 1,100,084 (HUMANITARIAN NEADS OVERVIEW 2021) |
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| Number of customers (water supply / wastewater) | Water 195,970 & San. 155,855 out of (Water 574,975 & San. 457,297) |
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| Water supply/ Waste water coverage | Water 34 % & San. 25 % |
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| How many internally displaced persons (IDP) are served by the system (and % of IDP in area) | 8500 (34% of the total number of IDPs) |
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| Per capita water demand (l/c/d) | 40 |
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| Average water demand (m3/day)Untitled | 23000 |
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| Average water production (m3/day) | 4,093 |
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| Average water volume billed (m3/day) | 1,637 |
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| Per capita consumption (l/c/d), (billed) | 8.4 |
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| Operating hours/day and day/week | Day: 12 hours, Week: 6 days |
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| Main Power source | Diesel generators - solar energy for (3 wells) covering 8% of the 36 operating wells |
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| Number of staff | 845 (including employees who have left work) |
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| Non-revenue water (NRW) (%) | 53.7% |
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| Average volume of waste water produced (m3/day) | 3,000 |
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| Average volume of waste water treated (m3/day) | 0 |
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Table 3a. Financial performance of the water branch of the utility
Financial performance of the water branch of the utility
| Rate revenues(metered) per year | 0 |
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| Income from flat rates (not metered) per year | 0 |
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| Income from commercial customers per year | 0 |
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| Income from public taps, if any per year | - |
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| Subsidy (government, municipality) per year | 936,571$ |
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| Other income (specify) per year | 795,511 $ |
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| Total annual income | 1,732,082 $ |
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| Total annual expenditures | 2,385,830 $ |
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| Collection efficiency (payment received/billed amount/year) | % |
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| Annual cost recovery from users (income from users /expenditures) | % |
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| Average cost of water production and distribution (per m3) | - |
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Table 3b. Financial performance of the waste water branch
Table 3b. Financial performance of the waste water branch (This table only need to be included if cost for water and sanitation are available separately)
| Income from waste water (WW) charges to users per year | - |
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| Income from WW charges to commercial customers per year | - |
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| Subsidy (government, municipality) per year | - |
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| Other income (specify) per year | - |
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| Total annual income | - |
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| Total annual expenditures | - |
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| Collection efficiency (payment received/billed amount/year) | % |
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| Annual cost recovery from users (income from users /expenditures) | % |
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| Average cost of waste water discharge and treatment (per m3) | - |
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Table 4. Main cost items for the water and waste water (cost in $ per year) (2019)
Table 4. Main cost items for the water and waste water (cost in $ per year)
| Staff cost for water supply | 0 |
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| Staff cost for waste water | |
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| Staff cost-Total cost per year | 936.572 |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.) for water supply | 0 |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.) for waste water | |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.)-Total cost per year | 158.000 |
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| Energy cost for water supply | - |
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| Energy cost for waste water | - |
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| Energy cost (also includes maintenance cost of all transport) - Total cost per year | 841,911 |
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| Chemicals costs for water supply | - |
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| Chemicals costs for waste water | - |
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| Chemicals costs-Total cost per year | - |
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| Materials costs for water supply | - |
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| Materials costs for waste water | - |
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| Materials costs -Total cost per year | 299,565 |
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| Contracts for larger repairs for water supply | - |
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| Contracts for larger repairs for waste water | - |
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| Contracts for larger repairs -Total cost per year | - |
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| Others for water supply | - |
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| Others for waste water | - |
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| Others-Total cost per year | 149,782 |
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| Total annual cost for water supply | - |
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| Total annual cost for waste water | - |
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| Total annual cost- Total cost per year | 2,385,830 |
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| The cost items include the monetary value of the in-kind contributions the utility receives; The table does not include cost related to system expansion If cost for water and waste water cannot be separated then just fill the last column | - |
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Table 5 Water balance
One key tool to assess the situation in the utility is the water balance (Table 5). Filling out the water balance will give an indication of the performance of the utility in terms of water supply. On average in 2019 a volume of …. m3 is put into supply and on average a volume of …. m3 is being billed to customers. A more detailed estimate of the water balance is presented in Table 5.
This overview only concerns the water loss as defined by IWA, which is about the water that is produced and put into supply. In addition however water may be ‘lost’ in the intake structure and in the transmission main to the water treatment plant, (or water tank with disinfection), the treatment process (backwash) and the transmission to water storage tanks.
| Authorized consumption m3 | 691,289 m3 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed m3 | 597,590 m3 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed metered Volume m3 | 335,072 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed unmetered Volume m3 | 262,518 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed Unpaid metered (partly delayed payment)Volume m3 | 0 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed Unpaid unmetered Volume m3 | 0 |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled Volume m3 | 93,699 m3 |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled metered Volume m3 | 74,699 |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled unmetered m3 | 19,000 |
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| Water losses m3 | 802,688 m3 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) m3 | 720,260 m3 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) - Metering inaccuracies volume m3 | 82,428 m3 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) - Unauthorized consumption (illegal connections)volume m3 | 17,635 |
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| Water losses Real losses volume m3 | 702,625 |
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| Water losses Real losses Leakages in storage reservoirs, distribution mains and service lines volume m3 | 82,428 |
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| Water losses-Real losses -Overflow of water tanks, flushing of pipes volume m3 | 0 |
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| Total Revenue water-Authorized\consumption | 597,590 m3 |
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| Total non revenue water m3 | 896,387 m3 |
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Table 6 Main financial and organizational problems and risks
In this section the main financial and organizational problems are being presented that may jeopardize the performance and the resilience of the utility. Hazardous events in this area may relate to financing, administration and customer relationships (Table 6). The main hazardous events have to be identified and the risks have to be assessed to be able to prioritize action.
Problems may include a high level of non-revenue water. It may be this is already known in more detail (high water physical water loss, many illegal connections, and water meter inaccuracies). It may also be a more general problem of water tariffs that are not covering the cost, a large number of displaced persons with limited resources, or because other financial resources such as support from external organizations may be at risk.
Administrative problems may include: high staff turnover, weak staff regulations, administrative difficulties such as meter reading, inaccurate customer data base, as well as not following up on customer complaints.
| 1 | Water Tariff is not covering the cost of production | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Revenue decreased by almost 100% | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | High percentage of losses (technical and administrative) | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | Taiz Utility has stopped providing service in conflict areas that contain 70% of the participants due to the armed conflict in those areas and also the occurrence of 60% of the water sources in those areas | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 5 | High rate of water theft, meter theft and tampering | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 6 | The possibility of stopping government and organizational support, on which the institution depends entirely (diesel + salaries) | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 7 | High fuel prices and crises | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 8 | The displacement of qualified cadres to areas outside the governorate due to the lack of financial capabilities to disburse incentives and encouraging benefits to employees | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 9 | Lack of machinery, equipment and maintenance supplies | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 10 | Problems facing the employees of the institution (especially technicians) in carrying out their field and service jobs due to the armed conflict in the city’s neighbourhoods | IS,LF= interruption in supply,lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 11 | Subscriber management activities and the process of issuing monthly bills to subscribers have been suspended since 2016. | IS,LF= interruption in supply,lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
3 Review of risks in the water supply system
This section provides an overview of the system including some key characteristics (Table 7), a map with the system components (Figure 1) and an overview of the main risks that have been identified (Table 8). These risks may relate to different types of hazards including the deterioration of the biological, chemical or physical water quality, problems related to the availability of water, interruption of water distribution. The information presented in this chapter is based on the detailed assessment of each component of the water system presented in Annex 2.
Table 7. Basic information about the water supply system
This section provides an overview of the system including some key characteristics (Table 7), a map with the system components (Figure 1) and an overview of the main risks that have been identified (Table 8). These risks may relate to different types of hazards including the deterioration of the biological, chemical or physical water quality, problems related to the availability of water, interruption of water distribution. The information presented in this chapter is based on the detailed assessment of each component of the water system presented in Annex 2.
| Type of water source(s) | Groundwater |
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| Number of boreholes and capacity (l/s) | 87 wells - operating 36 wells with an average (4 L/s) |
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| Depth of boreholes (range) | Average 300m with a range(120-480 ) |
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| Age (average and range) | Average 21 years |
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| Average water production (m3/day) | 4,093 |
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| Type of water treatment | Chlorination dosing units |
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| Design capacity (m3/day) | 49,000 |
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| Transmission lines + pumping mains (km) | 80.4 |
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| Distribution system (service connections) (km) | 760 |
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| Water storage tanks (number& total capacity in m3) | 8 tanks with a capacity of 45400 m3, of which 12 are operational |
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| Number of operating water pumps | 12-18 hours/day |
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| Spare pumps | 0 |
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| Number of house connections (W &WW) | Water 53,736 & San. 42,738 of which 18,215 are serviced delivery only |
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| Part of house connections with meters (%) | 10 % |
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| Number of public, social and utility standpoints | 25 |
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| Operating hours/day and day/week | 1 day / month (depends on fuel availability conditions) |
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| Main Power source | Generators |
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| Number of bulk water meters | 126 of which 89 were destroyed as a result of the war |
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| Non-revenue water (NRW) | % 53.7 |
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| Commercial losses (%) of NRW | % 48 |
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| Leakage (%) of NRW | % 5.7 |
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| Average operating pressure (m) and range | 120 - 50 |
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| Number of pipe bursts (No/km/year) | 17 |
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| Specific damages caused by the war | 33 wells were completely destroyed. Totally destroying the main transmission and distribution lines with a length of 13,811 m transmission lines and 79,862 m distribution lines. |
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| Schematic drawing of the system and its main components |  |
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Table 8. Summary of important hazards and risks in the components of the water system
Hazard type: M = microbial, C = chemical, P = physical, IS = interruption in supply. Effect: 1 = minimal effect; 3 = serious impact, 5 = very serious impact Frequency: Rare (1) < 1% of the time, cases, connections, area; Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time, cases, connections, area; Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases, connections, area Risk levels (frequency x effect): low risk < 3; medium risk 3 – 6; high risk 7 – 10; intolerable risk > 10 |
| 1 | Falling groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | P = Physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 2 | Contamination of the aquifer water with sewage water, which affects the quality of water quality | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 3 | Power supply problems in 92% of working pumps | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 4 | High rates of fluoride and salts in some wells | C = Chemical | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | medium risk |
| 5 | Water loss and possible contamination in transmission pipelines due to leakage and illegal connection for irrigation and domestic use | IS,M,C= Interruption in supply, Microbial ,Chemical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 6 | The process of sterilizing and chlorinating water and checking its quality was stopped due to the destruction of the chlorination units and the main water laboratory, and also because of the ban on the import of chemicals and chlorine compounds due to the blockade, and thus pumping water to subscribers without any treatment | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 7 | 6 tanks were completely destroyed, which affects the water supply to subscribers | IS = Interruption in supply | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | medium risk |
| 8 | Insufficient quantities of water reach consumers due to leaks in the water network | P = Physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 9 | Water pollution due to the possibility of pollutants and sewage entering the distribution network system, especially in the dilapidated parts of the network as a result of the intermittent water supply | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 10 | The intermittent and the insufficient water supply makes the subscribers go to provide their needs from other sources (purchasing from private sellers or from charitable water distribution associations) | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 11 | Homes have water storage tanks that may not be adequately cleaned and pollution may enter the tanks | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 12 | Burial of flood soils for artificial feeding dams will reduce the efficiency of the aquifer's feeding | P = Physical | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | medium risk |
| 13 | Damage and deterioration of pumps and the lack of capabilities to confront it (maintenance and staff) | P = Physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 14 | Consumers buy water from private water sellers, but it is not of good quality | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 15 | The inability of most citizens to obtain sufficient quantities of water from private sector suppliers due to the high cost of supply | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
Overview of the water supply system
| Figure 1. Overview of the water supply system |  |
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4 Waste water related problems
In this section the proposed actions to improve performance and enhance resilience are presented in some detail. The activities for each main risk are presented in a separate table (29 etc., ……)
Table 9. Basic information about the waste water system
This section provides an overview of the sewer system and waste water treatment plants, including some key characteristics (Table 9) and a map with the system components (Figure 2).
| Name | 0 |
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| Average annual flow (m3/year) | 1,493,977 |
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| Type of waste water treatment (and age) | oxidation basins |
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| Annual average design flow (m3/year) | 5,355,000 |
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| Length of sewerage system (km) | 261 |
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| Design organic load (BOD) | 0 |
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| Actual inlet organic load (BOD) | 0 |
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| Efficiency: outflow organic load (BOD) | 0 |
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| Age of distribution system (average and range) | 52 |
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| Number of service connections | 42,738 of which 25,408 were served |
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| Number of sewer left stations | 1 |
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| Operating hours/day | 0 |
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| Main power source | Generators |
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| Number of waste water overflow points | 40 / day (14,580 / year) |
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| Specific damages caused by the war | Separate parts of the walls of the treatment basins in the Al-Barihi area were demolished as a result of the raging confrontations in Al-Sixteen Street, where heavy weapons were used. • Sewage collection lines were damaged in several locations as a result of indiscriminate shells falling on the lines' tracks. The lengths of the destroyed lines ranged between 10 thousand and 15 thousand meters, including home connections, according to the information available so far.. • Destruction of nearly 800 iron manhole covers for manholes and sewage rooms for the sub-sewage network on the streets of areas experiencing military confrontations in the city’s neighbourhoods •Targeting the main laboratory of the treatment plant and destroying it completely. • Total damage to all sanitary units of the institution as a result of exposure to direct and indirect fire shells •Rod sewer sewage was robbed from the branch buildings after military gatherings entered it and the guard staff and officials were displaced in those buildings. |
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Table 10. Summary of important hazards and risks related to waste water
Table 10 presents the main hazardous events and risks that have been identified. These risks may relate to different types of events including blockage of sewers causing contamination of housing areas, deterioration of the infrastructure, pumping problems, interruption or malfunctioning of the treatment system generating odour problems or fly nuisance but also low connection ratio in areas where onsite systems are causing problems. If wastewater management and financing is separated from the management of the water supply system, than risks may also include financing and staff problems. The resulting hazards may include contamination of the service area and of downstream water sources which may contribute to the spread of disease including for example cholera. In case a considerable number of risks exist a good option to consider is to present a more detailed analysis in an annex and just summarise the situation in Table 10.
| 1 | Frequent sewage blockages | CS,RDW: Contamination service area،Risk of polluting drinking water | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 2 | The main line carrying sewage water (800 mm diameter) and some subnet lines are worn out | CS,RDW: Contamination service area،Risk of polluting drinking water | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 3 | Farmers use sewage water before treating it to irrigate their farms, which causes the spread of diseases and pollutants | GS, PF, OP=Groundwater contamination، Proliferation of flies،Odour problems | 5= very serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | high risk |
| 4 | Power outages and lack of adequate availability of fuel to run the treatment plant | CS, CD,RDW=Contamination service area, Contamination downstream,Risk of polluting drinking water | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 5 | Deterioration of some units of the wastewater treatment system | CD: Contamination downstream | 5= very serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | high risk |
The wastewater treatment system components
| Figure 3: Picture of the basin area (watershed) |  |
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5 Overview of the main risks and possible control measures
Table 11. Effect of control measures on important risk
In this section the main risks that were identified in chapter 2, 3, and 4 are listed (Table 11). For some of these the utility may already have put already control measures or other interventions in place that may reduce the risk if effective or not. This needs to be taken into account in the final priority setting related to the different risks that were established in section 2, 3, and 4. To clarify this issue we can look at some examples. A possible hazardous event may be that a borehole gets contaminated because of inflow of water from the surface due to poor protection of the well head. Flooding may happen a few times a year (score 3 likely) and impact is serious (3) so risk is 9. The utility may have arranged for disinfecting wells after flooding, but this may not prevent water draining into the well when it rains. So the control measure does not seem effective. Hence despite the control measure the risk does remain 9. Another hazardous event may be experienced staff leaving the utility. A control measure that may have been put in place is to develop standard operating procedures so new staff knows what to do, but this may not be sufficient to overcome the lack of experience. So in that case the risk still may be high and this then requires a more in-depth analysis of the causes of experienced staff leaving
| 1 | F= Finance | Water Tariff is not covering the cost of production | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 2 | F= Finance | Revenue decreased by almost 100% | Obtaining government and donor support to partially cover operating expenses, but that is temporary | | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 3 | F= Finance | High fuel prices and crises | Solar systems have been installed for three wells (working at a rate of 5 to 6 hours/day in case there is sufficient sun) | | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 4 | F= Finance | Problems facing the employees of the institution (especially technicians) in carrying out their field and service jobs due to the armed conflict in the city’s neighbourhoods | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 5 | ADM = Administration and customer relations | Taiz Utility has stopped providing service in conflict areas that contain 70% of the participants due to the armed conflict in those areas and also the occurrence of 60% of the water sources in those areas | Negotiations took place with the parties to the conflict, but to no avail | | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 6 | ADM = Administration and customer relations | High rate of water theft, meter theft and tampering | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 7 | F= Finance | Subscriber management activities and the process of issuing monthly bills to subscribers have been suspended since 2016. | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 8 | F= Finance | The possibility of stopping government and organizational support, on which the institution depends entirely (diesel + salaries) | Addressing donors to continue providing support, but there is no definite agreement to continue providing support | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 9 | WC = Water Catchment | Falling groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | The drilling of 6 new wells by UNICEF | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 10 | WC = Water Catchment | Contamination of the aquifer water with sewage water, which affects the quality of water quality | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 11 | WC = Water Catchment | Burial of flood soils for artificial feeding dams will reduce the efficiency of the aquifer's feeding | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 12 | SI = Source/Intake | Damage and deterioration of pumps and the lack of capabilities to confront it (maintenance and staff) | Limited maintenance for some pumps, but the problem persists due to the continuous drop in the groundwater level | | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 13 | SI = Source/Intake | Power supply problems in 92% of working pumps | Installing 3 solar pumps, but their effect is very limited | | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 14 | F= Finance | High rates of fluoride and salts in some wells | Reducing its concentration by integrating the water produced from different wells and collecting it in storage tanks | | Good = Important effect on risk | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 15 | TM = Transmission Main | Water loss and possible contamination in transmission pipelines due to leakage and illegal connection for irrigation and domestic use | There are no procedures to implement | | Good = Important effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 16 | TR = Treatment | The process of sterilizing and chlorinating water and checking its quality was stopped due to the destruction of the chlorination units and the main water laboratory, and also because of the ban on the import of chemicals and chlorine compounds due to the blockade, and thus pumping water to subscribers without any treatment | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 17 | 175 | 6 tanks were completely destroyed, which affects the water supply to subscribers | direct pumping to the network | | Good = Important effect on risk | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 18 | DB = Distribution System | Insufficient quantities of water reach consumers due to leaks in the water network | Some damaged pipes were rehabilitated and replaced, donor support was requested to replace the damaged network | | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 19 | HS = Household Storage | Water pollution due to the possibility of pollutants and sewage entering the distribution network system, especially in the dilapidated parts of the network as a result of the intermittent water supply | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 20 | HS = Household Storage | The intermittent and the insufficient water supply makes the subscribers go to provide their needs from other sources (purchasing from private sellers or from charitable water distribution associations) | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 21 | HS = Household Storage | Homes have water storage tanks that may not be adequately cleaned and pollution may enter the tanks | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 22 | HS = Household Storage | Consumers buy water from private water sellers, but it is not of good quality | No information on water hazards from private sellers | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 23 | HS = Household Storage | The inability of most citizens to obtain sufficient quantities of water from private sector suppliers due to the high cost of supply | Providing charitable water distribution points (charitable support and donors) | | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 24 | DB = Distribution System | Frequent sewage blockages | Emergency liquidation of lines and in a very limited way due to lack of tools and equipment | | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 25 | TM = Transmission Main | The main line carrying sewage water (800 mm diameter) and some subnet lines are worn out | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 26 | TR = Treatment | Farmers use sewage water before treating it to irrigate their farms, which causes the spread of diseases and pollutants | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 27 | TR = Treatment | Power outages and lack of adequate availability of fuel to run the treatment plant | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 28 | TR = Treatment | Deterioration of some units of the wastewater treatment system | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 29 | TR = Treatment | The displacement of qualified cadres to areas outside the governorate due to the lack of financial capabilities to disburse incentives and encouraging benefits to employees | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 30 | F,DB=Finance, Distribution System | Lack of machinery, equipment and maintenance supplies | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 31 | F= Finance | High percentage of losses (technical and administrative) | There are no procedures to implement | | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
6. Action plan for prioritised resilience risks
Table 12. Summary of action plan for prioritised risks related to the finance and administration
This section presents an action plan for the prioritised performance and resilience risks that relate to financing, organization, administration, and customer relations (Table 12). Some lower priority actions may also be included in the table if they are very easy to overcome at low or no cost. For the actions, it is essential to take a gender sensitive approach and take into account gender specific data.
| 1 | F=Finance | Dialogue with the parties to the conflict to strip the service facilities from the conflict because the service is provided to all parties | Taiz Lc leadership + international organization s | 3-6 months | 30000 | Problems facing the employees of the institution (especially technicians) in carrying out their field and service jobs due to the armed conflict in the city’s neighbourhoods | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | F=Finance | Providing financial incentives for employees to return them to their work and pay monthly salaries | Taiz Lc leadership + Donors | 4 months | - | Subscriber management activities and the process of issuing monthly bills to subscribers have been suspended since 2016. | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | F=Finance | Reducing the use of fuel by installing solar pumps, operating wells located in conflict areas with better productivity and less fuel consumption, in dialogue with the parties to the conflict, reducing wastage, requesting donors and government to continue supporting, increasing the tariff in proportion to covering costs | Taiz Lc leadership + international organizations | One year | 40000 | High fuel prices and crises | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | F=Finance | Providing financial incentives for employees to return them to their work and pay monthly salaries | Taiz Lc leadership | Two years | - | The possibility of stopping government and organizational support, on which the institution depends entirely (diesel + salaries) | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 5 | F=Finance | Develop an integrated and sustainable plan to reduce losses (NWR)) It should include: Reinstalling stolen meters, maintaining and replacing damaged meters, inaccurat | NWR Dept. + Subscriber Relationship Dept. | Six months | 350000 | High percentage of losses (technical and administrative) | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 6 | ADM = administration and customer relations | Communicate with the conflicting parties to strip the areas of the wells from disputes and stress the importance of providing service to all conflicting parties | Taiz Lc leadership + international organization s | 6 months | 60000 | Taiz Utility has stopped providing service in conflict areas that contain 70% of the participants due to the armed conflict in those areas and also the occurrence of 60% of the water sources in those areas | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 7 | F=Finance | Conduct a study that includes various options for increasing the water tariff, as these options must take into account the poor segment of the participants. The results of the study should be discussed with the board of directors to determine possible options that can be supported | Taiz Lc Board of Directors | 3 months | 10000 | Water Tariff is not covering the cost of production | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 8 | F=Finance | Conducting intensive awareness campaigns on the importance of payment for the continuation of the service, involving the community side and the local authority | Taiz Lc leadership | Two years | 20000 | Revenue decreased by almost 100% | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 9 | F=Finance | Communicate with the conflicting parties to strip the areas of the wells from disputes and stress the importance of providing service to all conflicting parties | Taiz Lc leadership + international organization s | 6 months | 60000 | High rate of water theft, meter theft and tampering | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 10 | F=Finance | Develop an integrated and sustainable plan to reduce losses (NWR)) It should include: Reinstalling stolen meters, maintaining and replacing damaged meters, inaccurate | NWR Dept. + Subscriber Relationship Dept. | Six months | 350000 | Lack of machinery, equipment and maintenance supplies | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 11 | F=Finance | Providing financial incentives for employees to return them to their work and pay monthly salaries | Taiz Lc leadership | Two years | | The displacement of qualified cadres to areas outside the governorate due to the lack of financial capabilities to disburse incentives and encouraging benefits to employees | (7 – 10) High risk |
Table 13. Summary of action plan for prioritised water supply performance risks.
| 1 | TR = Treatment, | Analyzing the resulting problems in more detail and conducting temporary treatments (sterilization of subscribers’ tanks while pumping water, manual chlorination of collection tanks before pumping water to subscribers), requesting the support of donor organizations in rehabilitating water treatment plants and water laboratory and installing chlorination units directly on wells | Taiz Lc leadership + Donors | One year | - | The intermittent and the insufficient water supply makes the subscribers go to provide their needs from other sources (purchasing from private sellers or from charitable water distribution associations) | intolerable risk |
| 2 | WS = Water Storage | Activate the activities of the management and follow-up team to assess the level of loss and leakage as a result of illegal connections for irrigation as well as to homes, and examine whether it can be legal to use water for homes, and separate illegal connections for irrigation purposes | Taiz Lc leadership + Donors | 3-5 months | 300000 | Homes have water storage tanks that may not be adequately cleaned and pollution may enter the tanks | intolerable risk |
| 3 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Imposing security precautions on a large scale in order to maintain the safety of groundwater as a safe source of drinking water, by preventing agriculture, construction, or carrying out any industrial activity that may harm water safety. Exploring the existence of sanitary drainage from areas not served by the sewage network to the watershed area Solve the problem if necessary | Taiz Lc leadership + water resources authority + local authority | 3-5 months | 25000 | Damage and deterioration of pumps and the lack of capabilities to confront it (maintenance and staff) | intolerable risk |
| 4 | DB = Distribution System | Determine the extent of the problem; and analysis of available and feasible options to increase the water supply | production Dept. + distribution Dept.. | 3 months | 30000 | Consumers buy water from private water sellers, but it is not of good quality | intolerable risk |
| 5 | TM = Transmission Main, | Conducting water quality analysis in different dwellings when pumping starts | Laboratory Dept. | Over the year | 20000/yea r | The inability of most citizens to obtain sufficient quantities of water from private sector suppliers due to the high cost of supply | intolerable risk |
| 6 | WC = Water Catchment | Addressing the Ministry of Water and Environment and local councils to organize the construction of wells and reduce extraction for agriculture and encourage them with sprinkler or drip irrigation methods | Ministry of Water and Environment | 4-6 months | 15000 | Falling groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | intolerable risk |
| 7 | HS = Household Storage | Providing and qualifying a technical staff specialized in the installation and maintenance of submersible pumps, and conducting specialized technical training courses in that field | Taiz Lc leadership + Donors | 4-6 months | 60000 | Contamination of the aquifer water with sewage water, which affects the quality of water quality | intolerable risk |
| 8 | HS = Household Storage | Analyse the problem and perform maintenance for a group of tanks in conjunction with testing the quality of the water provided by the institution, as well as the water purchased from private sector suppliers. | Laboratory Dept | 4-6 months | 25000 | The process of sterilizing and chlorinating water and checking its quality was stopped due to the destruction of the chlorination units and the main water laboratory, and also because of the ban on the import of chemicals and chlorine compounds due to the blockade, and thus pumping water to subscribers without any treatment | intolerable risk |
| 9 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Rehabilitation of artificial feeding dams, and the necessary protection to maintain their volumetric capacity | Taiz Lc leadership + water resources authority | 4-6 months | 200000 | Water loss and possible contamination in transmission pipelines due to leakage and illegal connection for irrigation and domestic use | intolerable risk |
| 10 | WC = Water Catchment | Activate the activities of the waste management and follow-up team and include this within the waste reduction plan | NRW Dept | 6-9 months | 200000 | Power supply problems in 92% of working pumps | intolerable risk |
| 11 | HS = Household Storage | Providing and qualifying a technical staff specialized in the installation and maintenance of submersible pumps, and conducting specialized technical training courses in that field | Taiz Lc leadership + Donors | 4-6 months | 60000 | Insufficient quantities of water reach consumers due to leaks in the water network | intolerable risk |
| 12 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | An analysis of the impacts and potential changes in the service provision to subscribers (pressure, water volume, quality) and exploring solutions to improve the service if necessary | The Technical Dep. | One year | 2000000 | Water pollution due to the possibility of pollutants and sewage entering the distribution network system, especially in the dilapidated parts of the network as a result of the intermittent water supply | intolerable risk |
| 13 | HS = Household Storage | Imposing security precautions on a large scale in order to maintain the safety of groundwater as a safe source of drinking water, by preventing agriculture, construction, or carrying out any industrial activity that may harm water safety. Exploring the existence of sanitary drainage from areas not served by the sewage network to the watershed area Solve the problem if necessary | Taiz Lc leadership + water resources authority + local authority | 3-5 months | 25000 | Burial of flood soils for artificial feeding dams will reduce the efficiency of the aquifer's feeding | medium risk |
| 14 | WC = Water Catchment | Analyse the problem in more detail and explore the available and possible options for the institution to undertake to provide water supply to citizens and reduce water demand | Taiz Lc leadership + international organizations | 4-6 months | 25000 | 6 tanks were completely destroyed, which affects the water supply to subscribers | medium risk |
| 15 | WC = Water Catchment | Installing 30 additional solar energy systems, conducting training courses in the field of improving energy efficiency. | Taiz Lc leadership + Donors | Two years | 1800000 | High rates of fluoride and salts in some wells | medium risk |
Table 14. Summary of action plan for prioritised wastewater performance risks
| 1 | DB=Distribution System | Analyse the problem in more detail and examine the extent of the user's participation in solving the problem. In addition, commitment to the regular filtration and maintenance activities of the main sewage lines, as well as the rehabilitation and maintenance of dilapidated manhole rooms and lines. | Wastewater Dept. | 4-6 months | 100000/year | The main line carrying sewage water (800 mm diameter) and some subnet lines are worn out | intolerable risk |
| 2 | TR = Treatment | Continuous dialogue with donor organizations to obtain long-term support to provide fuel for generators to operate the treatment plant on an on going basis and to provide a reserve stock for emergency cases, and to finance the project to operate the plant with solar energy, as well as to request government support for fuel prices | Taiz Lc leadership + donors + local authority | Until the institution restores stability | - | Power outages and lack of adequate availability of fuel to run the treatment plant | intolerable risk |
| 3 | DB=Distribution System | Analyse the problem in more detail and examine the extent of the user's participation in solving the problem. In addition, commitment to the regular filtration and maintenance activities of the main sewage lines, as well as the rehabilitation and maintenance of dilapidated manhole rooms and lines. | Wastewater Dept. | 4-6 months | 100000/year | Deterioration of some units of the wastewater treatment system | high risk |
| 4 | TM=Transmission Main | Rehabilitation of degraded main and subsidiary lines and replacement of damaged and destroyed lines | PMU | 3 years | 1000000 | Farmers use sewage water before treating it to irrigate their farms, which causes the spread of diseases and pollutants | high risk |
| 5 | DB=Distribution System | Analyse the problem in more detail and examine the extent of the user's participation in solving the problem. In addition, commitment to the regular filtration and maintenance activities of the main sewage lines, as well as the rehabilitation and maintenance of dilapidated manhole rooms and lines. | Wastewater Dept. | 4-6 months | 100000/year | Frequent sewage blockages | high risk |
7. Proposed monitoring system
The proposed monitoring comprises two main issues: overall monitoring of the monthly performance of the water supply and waste water system and progress with the implementation of the RSIP.
In this section it is also important to indicate when the RSIP will be reviewed and revised as needed (possibly on an annual basis).
Annex 1 RSIP Team and list of advisors that where consulted
The proposed monitoring system needs to cover system performance, effectivity op control measures, and implementation of the RSIP.
In this section it is also important to indicate when the RSIP will be reviewed and revised as needed (possibly on an annual basis).
| 1 | Eng. Samir A.Alwahed | Taiz Corporation | Team Leader | 773408966 | aboreem2006@hotmail.com |
| 2 | Eng. Abdullah M. A. Ebrahim | Taiz Corporation | Team Leader | 771237576 | Abdallah1235600@gmail.com |
| 3 | Dr. Zamzam A.Y.Mubarak | - | Trainer | 774229900 | Zamzam_mubarak@yahoo.com |
| 4 | Eng. Fares Hubaish | Sana’a Corporation | Trainer | 771810333 | fareshubaish1f@gmail.com |
| 5 | Eng. Roa’a Alsaqaaf | GIZ | Consultant | 770661361 | - |
| 6 | Eng. Fares Hubaish | Sana’a Corporation | Trainer | 771810333 | fareshubaish1f@gmail.com |
| 7 | Eng. Roa’a Alsaqaaf | GIZ | Consultant | 770661361 | - |
Overview of the boreholes used for the water supply
| Overview of the boreholes used for the water supply |  |
|---|
Table 15. Important risks in the water catchment area
Provide a brief description of the catchment area (Figure 3) (in case of a groundwater scheme of the aquifer and its main recharge area) and an indication of the main hazardous events in the water catchment area (water quality, water availability, landslides, catchment deterioration, expansion of agricultural border) that may affect system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 14). It is important to indicate whether the water utility by itself can do something in the water catchment or that it depends on other actors. This may include for example climate change related problems or over pumping by other actors.
| 1 | Falling groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | P = physical | 5 = very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 200 |
| 2 | Contamination of the aquifer water with sewage water, which affects the quality of water quality | M = Microbial | 5 = very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 200 |
Table 16. Important risks in the water source and water intake
Provide a brief description of the water source(s) and water intake(s) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 15). This may include contamination of the source, deteriorating water quality in the source, lack of power sources, falling water table, damages of the intake due to war, flooding or other causes. If several boreholes exist, it may be an option to combine the description of the boreholes that tap the same aquifer, to minimize the length of the report. Yet it is essential that specific risks and hazardous events that are related to specific boreholes, such as high sensitivity to war damages, conflict points, or technical cracks in cover or casing that affect water quality of the borehole. Also provide a brief description of possible water loss that may take place in the water intake or transmission lines (Table 16). Whereas this is not included in the definition of non-revenue water it is important to understand the situation and explore whether this water loss can be prevented as it may make more water available for the water system or for other users. Water losses due to illegal use from the wells field or in the transmission lines for irrigation purposes consumes massive amount of water compared to domestic illegal uses.
| 1 | Falling groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | P = physical | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 214 |
| 2 | Damage and deterioration of pumps and the lack of capabilities to confront it (maintenance and staff) | P = physical | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 214 |
| 3 | High rates of fluoride and salts in some wells | C = chemical | 3 = serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 212 |
| 4 | High rates of fluoride and salts in some wells | C = chemical | 3 = serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 212 |
Overview of the Technical Design of Lc Boreholes
| Figure 4. Overview of the Technical Design of Lc Boreholes |  |
|---|
Table 17. Water loss in the water intake
Provide a brief description of the transmission main (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, water meter(s) and valves) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 17). This may include: leaking pipes, old pipes, landslides, poor reparations, illegal connections, etc. In case of pumping issues may be lack of fuel, poor electricity supply, inadequate maintenance etc. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place (Table 18).
Picture of a diagram of the transmission lines
| Overview of the Technical Design of Sana’a Lc Boreholes | |
|---|
Table 18 Important risks in the transmission main
Provide a brief description of the transmission main (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, water meter(s) and valves) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 17). This may include: leaking pipes, old pipes, landslides, poor reparations, illegal connections, etc. In case of pumping issues may be lack of fuel, poor electricity supply, inadequate maintenance etc. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place (Table 18).
| 1 | Water loss and possible contamination in transmission pipelines due to leakage and illegal connection for irrigation and domestic use | IS,M,C=interruption in supply+physical+chemical | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
Table 19. Water loss in the transmission main
Table 19. Water loss in the transmission main
A picture or diagram of the treatment system and chlorination plants
| Figure 6. A picture or diagram of the treatment system and chlorination plants | |
|---|
Table 20. Important risks related to the water treatment system
Hazard type: M = microbial, C = chemical, P = physical, IS = interruption in supply
Effect: 1 = minimal effect; 3 = serious impact, 5 = very serious impact
Frequency: Rare (1) < 1% of the time, cases, connections; Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time, cases, connections; Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases, connections
| 1 | The process of sterilizing and chlorinating water and checking its quality was stopped due to the destruction of the chlorination units and the main water laboratory, and also because of the ban on the import of chemicals and chlorine compounds due to the blockade, and thus pumping water to subscribers without any treatment | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3= Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases | > 10 Intolerable risk |
Table 21. Water loss in the treatment system
Table 21. Water loss in the treatment system
Pictures of typical meter situation and storage tanks
| Figure 7: Pictures of typical meter situation and storage tanks |  |
|---|
Table 22. Important risks in the storage reservoir(s)
Provide a brief description of the storage reservoir(s) (Figure 7) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 21). This may include: leakages, damage because of the war, contamination, lack of maintenance. In case water chlorination is included in the storage reservoir than this also needs to be described (and this may entail problems with the supply of chlorine. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place including water that may be lost through the overflow or water used for cleaning (Table 22).
| 1 | 6 tanks were completely destroyed, which affects the water supply to subscribers | IS = interruption in supply | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
Table 23. Water loss in water storage reservoir
Table 23. Water loss in water storage reservoir
Water Distribution Network Diagram
| Figure 8: Diagram of water distribution networks |  |
|---|
Table 24. Important risks in the distribution system(s
Provide a brief description of the distribution system(s) (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, overflow, water meter(s) and valves) and a schematic drawing of the system (Figure 8). Indicate the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 23). This may include: intermittent water supply (rationing), high leakage, illegal connections, inadequate repairs, damage due to the war. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place and the water pressure distribution (Table 24).
| 1 | Insufficient quantities of water reach consumers due to leaks in the water network | P = physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 272 |
| 2 | Water pollution due to the possibility of pollutants and sewage entering the distribution network system, especially in the dilapidated parts of the network as a result of the intermittent water supply | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 272 |
Table 25. Water loss in water distribution system
A picture of the condition of the meter and the household tank
| Figure 9: Picture of the case of the meter and the household tank |  |
|---|
Table 26. Important risks in Household water storage
Provide a brief description of household water situation (type of water meter, household water storage (size, type of material) (Figure 9) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 25). Explore whether risks are gender specific. Give an indication of the water loss that may take place (flowing toilets, plumbing problems, leaking taps, including water that may be lost through the overflow of storage tanks (Table 26).
| 1 | Homes have water storage tanks that may not be adequately cleaned and pollution may enter the tanks | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 286 |
| 2 | Consumers buy water from private water sellers, but it is not of good quality | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 286 |
Table 27. Water loss at household level
Pictures of alternative water sources
| Figure 10: Pictures of alternative water sources |  |
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Table 28. Important risks in alternative water systems
Provide a brief description of alternative water systems (Figure 10), the level of use by consumers and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect these systems, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 27). This may include for example local water distribution points that provide water to the community which they receive from tankers (paid by humanitarian organizations), local wells and rainwater systems. In the Yemeni context alternative water sources may be an important source for drinking water and may for example entail a risk of spreading cholera, but also may affect water sales of the utility, affecting its financial sustainability and resilience.
| 1 | The inability of most citizens to obtain sufficient quantities of water from private sector suppliers due to the high cost of supply | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 300 |
Table 29. Less important risks that were identified
Table 29: Less important risks that were identified
| 1 | 6 tanks were completely destroyed, which affects the water supply to subscribers | IS = interruption in supply | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 312 |
| 2 | High rates of fluoride and salts in some wells | C = chemical | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 312 |
Table 30. Intervention to reduce risk of water tariff not covering cost
Intervention to reduce risk of water tariff not covering cost
| 1 | Taiz Utility has stopped providing service in conflict areas that contain 70% of the participants due to the armed conflict in those areas and also the occurrence of 60% of the water sources in those areas | 6-9 months | 60000$ | Communicate with the conflicting parties to strip the areas of the wells from disputes and stress the importance of providing service to all conflicting parties | 1- 2- 3- 4- Requesting international organizations and local authorities to engage in dialogue with the conflicted parties to open conflict areas in which water sources are located and to evacuate them from armed presence as they are service areas that serve all parties. Request donors' support in providing the requirements for restarting operating of resources Involving the local community in solving the problem and in raising awareness about the importance of stripping service areas of any armed presence and the extent to which this is in providing and improving service. Explore the possibility of drilling new wells in areas far from conflict |
Table 31. Intervention to Very high NRW (technical and financial losses)
Intervention to Very high NRW (technical and financial losses)
Table 32. Intervention to reduce risk of high fuel prices and frequent fuel crises (Fuel Instability)
Intervention to reduce risk of high fuel prices and frequent fuel crises (Fuel Instability)
table 33.Intervention to reduce risk of households water storage tanks
In this section, the proposed actions to improve the system and enhance its resilience are presented in some detail. In this version of the report the activities related to only one of the main risks are presented in table (A2.10.1); in the final version also the other priority actions will be included.
| 1 | Problems in the public electricity blackouts and in power supply in 92% of operating pumps | Two Years | 1800000$ | The solution is based on improving operating efficiency by improving energy efficiency, reducing fuel consumption, and installing solar energy systems | 1- Installing 30 solar energy systems to operate ells.. 2- Reducing fuel waste through measures to improve energy efficiency .3- Request the continuation of donor and government support in providing fuel and public electricity |
table 34: Intervention to reduce risk of sewers blockage
In this section, the proposed actions to improve the system and enhance its resilience are presented in some detail. In this version of the report the activities related to only one of the main risks are presented in table (34); in the final version also the other priority actions will be included.
| 1 | Sewer blockage due to misuse and direct discharge of waste from commercial and industrial activities without primary treatment using sedimentation basins in addition to the destruction and damage of sewage covers due to armed conflict, as well as the lack of adequate maintenance of the main sewage lines and the lack of maintenance equipment and mechanisms | 6-9 Months | 100000$/year | This requires an integrated solution that must include all causes of the problem (periodic maintenance of sewage lines, awareness campaigns, provision of maintenance equipment and tools, and activation of sewage activities. | 1- Develop an integrated intervention plan.that contain significant pollutants and verification of compliance with the pre-treatment of the outputs (discharges). 2- Providing maintenance equipment and mechanisms. 3- Periodic monitoring of waste of customer's activities that contain significant pollutants and verification of compliance with the pre-treatment of the outputs (discharges). 4- Imposing fees for misuse of the sewage network 5- Rehabilitation of sewage manholes and dilapidated main lines |
